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Without concrete products during the construction of realistic enough. jbi incredibly much: road plates, elements basements, pillars, etc. All products are reinforced in its structure two main components: an iron rebar and mixture. Concrete is classified according to strength: tensile strength along the axis, stretching during bending, compression. Grades of concrete differ in average density, water resistance and cold resistance. Concrete, in principle, is a mix of cement and water. The reaction between these two components and are connected to the whole grain mass.

Known two types of iron fittings: the working and assembly. Working valves located at the bottom reinforced concrete construction and is designed for bending and assembly used to manufacture the bulk of the skeleton. Each product has its own recipe of concrete products manufacturing and the percentage mix of components. Production method varies depending on the destination of each product. If the need to work on a bend, the armature is poured into a stretched form, and concrete pre-straining. This gives the design strength. Similar designs found a use for its floor slab and bridges.

That's why every concrete products has its own secrets of creation and operation. Each design has a scheme in which is mounting. Deviation from the norms usually entails very serious consequences. Reinforced concrete structures are extremely durable and reliable, but concrete is prone to fracture. It occurs when abnormal conditions of storage, when there is mold and fungus. In this connection is not recommended to keep the concrete products in areas with high humidity. In addition, the reinforced concrete rather fragile and requires the creation of special conditions for transportation.

Now Vetonit, other mixtures can be used in the construction of external structures: the facades and walls. Special mixes will make construction very durable, affordable, while maintaining quality, if used in the original solutions. At the seams represent a significant proportion of masonry, and therefore the solution determines not only the solidity and durability of masonry, but the level of perception of the facade. Experienced builders know Vetonit that hr has a very high durability, the product is subtly accentuate the surface of the brick. Masonry mortars are used extensively in the construction of new buildings and facilities, as well as carrying out repair works. For comfort Buyers construction materials, mixtures are available in containers of various capacities.

Vetonit can be used in winter months, but the bricks should not be wet, covered with snow, frost or ice, and in the solution There should be no frozen ingredients. Try to buy products of world manufacturers, for example, knauf – now this group of companies is one of the major producers of building materials that they use worldwide popularity. Nowadays, building materials and the organization made in Eastern Europe, with all processes, technologies, carefully controlled, ensuring a consistently high quality. Each builder believes that the waterproofing of the walls Knauf – a key element in the hands of a professional, it does not matter in what state was released products. Beginner impressed would be a huge variety range, which will include floor leveling, standard and decorative plaster, glue mixture, fillers and other dry mixes. Such an assortment of partially represented in many diy stores, but the widespread and interesting proposal will find special sales centers. Absolutely always profitable to buy exclusively neat mixes, because the object, renovated, built with their application, will be have a good user characteristics, and therefore it can always be profitable to rent out or sell.

Until recently in Russia, the most common type facades were handling their decorative plaster layer, the so-called “wet facade systems. But now the most promising technology finishes Facade is a system of ventilated facades with air gap. Construction of ventilated facades can effectively solve the problem of energy saving, and the presence of large amounts of material various colors and textures are used to run an external finishing layer, to significantly enhance the architectural merits of buildings. Applications: construction and renovation of residential, administrative, public and industrial buildings. The fundamental difference of ventilated facades from other types of lining is the presence of air gap. Since in a ventilated air gap temperature slightly higher than the outside, the heat loss during the heating period are reduced. Due to the differential pressure, internal moisture is removed freely into the environment.

The main advantages of ventilated facades: Aluminum profile used in the fixture, not affected by corrosion and can withstand a fairly wide range of temperature fluctuations, is able to absorb the thermal strain arising from the diurnal and seasonal temperature drops, and hence the appearance of the building will not depend on the weather aluminum profiles are both durable and easy enough that facilitates and design, and installation of building insulation, used in systems of ventilated facades, allows water vapor from the room to enter freely in the air layer, preventing the formation and accumulation on the destructive designs of condensate they allow to give the building a beautiful view, thanks to a wide palette of colors finishing material ventilated facades, have excellent thermal protection: the wall is protected from the ac freezing and thawing, smooths fluctuations in temperature, which prevents the emergence of strains of unlimited possibilities of forming fronts in composite materials such as Alucobond, Alpolic, Reynobond can turn the most ambitious and unexpected projects architects ventilated facades substantially increase the longevity of the building as a whole, because they are resistant to freezing and getting wet – the two main factors affecting the aging buildings aluminum used in the systems of ventilated facades, is absolutely environmentally friendly, non-polluting and does not harm your health, but nowadays it is an important fact for Fire safety in the construction materials used, are fireproof or slow the undoubted merit of ventilated facades – insulation in the design is outside..

With all the diversity of fittings to the consumer is increasingly becoming a question: 'What do I need? " and 'How long does it serve?'. Today we will try to determine which best fits the bathtub requirements of the modern consumer. 'As simple as it was before – many would say that had the happiness to make purchases in the Soviet department stores – 3-iron bath and a few steel, popular sizes. Select – do not want to. " Perhaps this is indeed the case. They know better. But the variety of choice allows you to appreciate not only the appearance but also the qualitative characteristics of the product. And so.

Let us dwell on the most popular materials that use manufacturers for the manufacture of bathtubs. Steel, cast iron and acrylic. Steel. It would seem that could be better than a steel tub? Easy, inexpensive, thus, easy to assemble. The fact that the steel tub does not hold heat. This well-known fact, however, steel bathtubs every year they beat the quantitative record sales. There's a steel bath has one drawback – the steel sheet can not withstand severe stresses and for carelessness or illiterate installation is deformed, causing a chipped enamel deformable ground.

Unfortunately, after damage to the enamel, to return the original form of the steel bath is impossible. What is in this case, the secret of popularity steel baths. This low price. Iron. Cast iron baths won the trust of customers for a long time. They are warm, they are reliable, they are not as booming as the steel bath. Enamel coated cast-iron baths more solid and resistant to mechanical stress and corrosive acids than the coating of steel tubs. However, cast iron baths are not used today is so popular as steel. The reasons for this somewhat. Firstly, the cast iron bathtub very heavy. This creates additional difficulties after the purchase, as during the transportation of products, and during its installation. Secondly, it is quite a high price. However, connoisseurs of quality and reliability of these factors are not stop. Acrylic. Acrylic baths have appeared in our country recently, but is gaining recognition buyers. What's the secret? The fact that the comparative ease of construction, acrylic baths are very reliable. They are warmer than cast iron. Moreover, unlike cast iron bathtubs, acrylic bathtubs do not need to 'warm up' with hot water. Despite the fact that the acrylic sheet, as well as the enamel coating is subject to mechanical stress, it is subject to complete renovation. However, the cost of quality acrylic baths are slightly higher than the cost of iron. There are of course and cheap products from acrylic, but here we try to warn customers. The thing is that the 'cheap' baths instead of acrylic sheet used cheap plastic covered only a very thin layer of acrylic glazes. The thickness of the acrylic fiber in such baths is rarely more than one millimeter. With time, these baths are beginning to acquire a grayish or yellowish. The thing is that acrylic, in itself, a transparent material, and cheap plastic, exposed time, begins to change color. Restore such bath is possible, but only from small scratches. Return the product color within a few years of operation, alas, will not succeed. We hope that our article will allow you to look at the choice for a new bath. Choose not for the rumors, but on performance. Remember, your belief that you made the right choice, allows you to enjoy your purchase in full. At a reprint or copy a link to aquamall required.

At present, major repair and reconstruction of building engineering systems by replacing cast iron sewer and water and gas steel pipes for pressure and pressure polyethylene and polypropylene. Each year, the share of Russian market of the material increases, and for 2009 it is about 69%. The use of polymer materials for installation of engineering systems is optimal in terms high content of dissolved salts in the water and alkali metals. Polyethylene and polypropylene have a low heat loss, which can significantly save money, this savings is more evident when presence in the building-mounted heat points (ITP). The use of pipelines made of polyethylene and polypropylene simplifies installation and increases the reliability of tube connections. Life data pipes is 25-50 years.

Overview of polyethylene and polypropylene, polyethylene – the material in white, solid thermoplastic. It has high chemical resistance. Polyethylene obtained by polarization Ethylene evolved from pre-mixes produced during processing of petroleum or natural gas. Polypropylene obtained by polymerizing propylene in the presence of metal catalysts. Polyethylene manufactured by two methods: high pressure (up to 1500 kg/cm2) and temperatures up to 180 C when exposed to oxygen at low pressure (5 – 40 kg/cm2) and a temperature of 60 – 150 C with the use of special catalysts. Polyethylene obtained by the first method, called low density polyethylene (PNP), obtained by the second method – high density polyethylene (HDPE). Pipes from the tng is used in temperature not exceeding 60 – 70 C, and from the eta – not more than 80 -90 C.

Installed quickly and does not require any preperation prior to the placement. Can be set at any stage of repair, the main thing that would have been lined walls or tiled. Protect from the Gulf of neighbors, on the strength of hold up to a hundred liters of water per square meter. meter! Does not cause allergies. Do not absorb odors and odorless. Dust in the suspended ceilings does not settle, because of the special composition of the material. Do not collect condensation on itself, and it is very convenient for bathrooms rooms. Big saving money, unlike other types of ceilings.

Huge selection of colors and textures. Do not burn or support combustion under constant fire. Does not fade in the light. Very easy to clean, you need only rub damp paper towel or cloth. In the suspended ceiling can be easily installed light fixtures, lamps, ventilation systems and so on. The installation of 30 sq.m. need 3 – 4 hours. When installing the dirt and debris is minimal. If anyone is interested, can compare with other types of ceilings, and you will understand everything that stretch ceilings, this is the best choice.

Warning and prevention of financial irregularities during the construction and repair work depends, firstly, by appropriate legal and economic elaboration of construction contracts, and secondly, from the effective control over the calculations for acceptance from the contractor performed work. Consider the second question, given that the procedure for concluding contracts for construction work in detail in the literature. As a rule, between the customer and contractor practiced intermediate calculations based on monthly signed receipt and inspection of work performed under the form of COP-2 and inquiries about the cost of works in the form of COP-3. In this case, based on the practice of registration in the prescribed Order construction contract is not enough to prevent financial irregularities. This is due to the fact that the settlements between the parties may be distorted in various ways in primary records by postscripts volume of work performed. Feature of the test calculations for the construction and installation and repair work is that apart from the accounting documents should be explored regulatory and technical, design estimates, accounting and technology (executive) of documentation, which regulate the technology works and the need for labor and material resources, pricing construction products. Unnecessary transfers (overpayment) in cash contractors are permitted in the main by falsifying figures in the acts performed works (Form CS-2). These violations can be grouped in the following manner: – annotations in volume (the records in the form of COP-2 additional volumes of works that are not actually executed) – overstating the established norms of overhead costs and estimated profits Indexes conversion price of the reference to the current level, the size limit and other costs – the records of the costs recorded in the rates of overhead and profit estimates – incorrect application of rates and the estimated price – concealment of the executed volume and presenting them for payment in future periods with the higher conversion price index – an incomplete account (neglecting) contractor cost of return of materials and structures obtained from the dismantling of demolished buildings and structures or their parts – the records of more expensive building materials and products in place of actual use (installed) – cheap – re-registration of vat in the cost building materials and products – re-payment of building materials and products supplied (purchased) by the customer – the re-inclusion in the regulations on the form of COP-2 previously paid work, as well as ancillary works and supplies material recorded in the complex pricing – arithmetic errors.

If you decide to make repairs in an apartment or house and live in a big city such as Moscow, you probably encounter a problem shopping, delivery and selection of building and finishing material. Because it is very not easy to figure out how to offer the broadest assortment of repair materials, and a huge number of firms, what they offer. How to start a repair – first need to acquire different glue, cement, dry mixture, including possible use in addition walling and roofing materials. A little later, will need to buy finishing materials for walls, ceilings and floors, for example, linoleum, laminate or parquet floor, ceramic tile, wallpaper for walls. Also do not forget that all construction and finishing materials to be delivered. There are two options for further developments. First choice: self-purchase and repair finishing materials, you'll have to go to dozens of organizations, which have to pay not only material, but also supply each of its kind. Second option: use the services of integrated logistics and supply construction and repair materials necessary to you address.. .

Laying ceramic tile is essentially a “building system”. That is why, even before the performance to a certain design. After all, the quality of ceramic tiles has a rather strong impact of their service life and how tile “fit” on Wednesday, even assuming that the designer (or the landlord himself) picked up everything perfectly. Should also be taken into account, such as: characteristics plane on which the tile will be laid – it must be pre-aligned, cleaned, and preferably covered with dirt emulsion. This will provide a better grasp of the solution, through which will put the tiles; conditions in which the tile is expected in the future use: a diametrically opposite things oblitsevat ceramic wall tile in the bathroom or on the sidewalk on the street, as well as specifications most ceramic tile – its frost resistance, durability and other parameters. Consistent with these factors will be determined: type, structure, method of its imposition, the thickness of the adhesive solution at work, as well as methods of placing the most ceramic tile: a parallel or diagonal technique, with allowances or close, with straight or zigzag stitches. It should be particularly noted that the type and direction of the gaps between the tiles are not small importance from an economic, aesthetic, and is not applicable, a technical point of view.

Say, if the tiles fit flush – you can face two challenges: the complexity to keep a clear focus allowances and the risk of fracture at the slightest deformation of the tile surface. Direction of joints, their width and location between the tiles. Usually, these allowances range from half to three millimeters, but when laying tile more kurpnogo size, they can reach up to half an inch or more. The bottom line is that the larger the amplitude of temperature change, the amount of load on the surface – the greater should be placed between the joints ceramic tiles. Of course, this is not all the questions that should be considered in the case of surface finish tiles, but the most important ones. Many things are achieved most of the things sought only by a thin intuition and a great experience, they are simply difficult to describe in a few sentences. It is such little things make hand specialist on laying ceramic tile priceless.

According to fao, demand in the global market, established on the forest products industry: – lumber, dictated by the level of income. In addition to the demand for wood also takes into account the factor of environmental requirements and demographic growth of the population. For example, population growth in the period from 60 to 90, 20 th century led to an increase in consumption of forest products like lumber and wood products used as fuel. In 2000, winter and spring buying lumber were low, as expected price declines for lumber closer to fall, but summer, when whose construction begins, leading to an early decline in prices for lumber. The presence of multiple factors that influence the development of forest industries (lumber), makes the analysis difficult task, so the timber trade in goods is a very serious and the mobile system.

Forest industry – a market that provides sawn timber and domestic needs States, of course part of the production is exported to other countries, but the timber trade between the continents, is a small fraction of the total turnover of the forest industry. This happens mostly because of the massiveness forest products. Therefore, the price of standard lumber, wood boards, ultimately, because transport costs, increase sharply, making imports more expensive domestic wood. For order that would make timber and timber for export must be compensated for transportation costs. Compensate for their possible through cheap raw materials or through lower production costs. .